What is the term for any computer device on the network that can receive and transmit data?

The term that describes any computer device on a network that can both receive and transmit data is "host." In networking terminology, a host generally refers to any device that has an IP address and is capable of participating in network communications. This includes computers, smartphones, printers, and any other devices that can send or receive data over a network.

A host is fundamental to the concept of networking as it denotes a specific endpoint that can not only receive requests (such as data from other computers) but also respond to those requests by sending data back. This bidirectional capability is essential for communication on networks.

While "node" can sometimes refer to devices on a network as well, it is a broader term that encompasses any point of connection, which might include devices that do not have the capability of active data transfer, such as switches or routers. In contrast, "router" and "gateway" refer to specific types of devices primarily concerned with forwarding data packets between different networks or segments of a network, rather than being end devices themselves capable of engaging in direct communications like a host does.